Neonatal survival is optimized when breeders have good husbandry practices. Factors implicated in perinatal deaths include prematurity, in utero infection, anatomic birth defects, birth trauma/dystocia, low birth weight, inadequate nutrition, maternal neglect, and environmental stresses.
Neonates that fail to survive to weaning are most commonly stillborn or die within the first three days of life. Puppy and kitten mortality rates vary from 9-26%. Timely, effective intervention is required to successfully resuscitate a stressed neonate.
However, when neonates are stressed during parturition and the periparturient period, morbidity and mortality increase. When puppies and kittens are born, they do not normally require assistance or resuscitation to survive.
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